runC源码解读一

runC作为开放容器标准组织推出的开源容器项目,该工具可以及其轻量级的创建container,通过便捷的命令行工具并对其管理和操作。从整体架构来看,其对平台依赖较小,整个project都使用了Golang进行了开发。

整体架构

runC的架构比较简单,从技术构成角度来看,主要是一个便捷的命令行工具+libcontainer。

CLI

runC的CLI是使用的github.com/codegangsta/cli, 该cli库也是Golang的第三方库,提供了一个易于使用的命令行接口。

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$greet help
NAME:
greet - fight the loneliness!

USAGE:
greet [global options] command [command options] [arguments...]

VERSION:
0.0.0

COMMANDS:
help, h Shows a list of commands or help for one command

GLOBAL OPTIONS
--version Shows version information

用户可自由添加CLI中所需的commands与options并提供对应的action function即可。

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app.Commands = []cli.Command{
{
Name: "add",
Aliases: []string{"a"},
Usage: "add a task to the list",
Action: func(c *cli.Context) {
println("added task: ", c.Args().First())
},
},
...

具体API可参看github.com/codegangsta/cli的官方说明文档,这里主要分析libcontainer的实现。

libcontainer

libcontainer为container的创建提供了一种golang的实现,包括container的namespace,cgroups,capability,filesystem access controls. 可以由使用者自由管理container的生命周期,包括container的checkpoint和restore。

Container创建流程

1 runc start命令行执行函数首先会导入配置文件,配置文件即config.json和runtime.json.都为json格式,主要描述了运行container所需的系统配置。 配置文件可以由用户自定义或者使用#runc spec自动生成默认的配置。

2 在创建container前创建了Factory,Process,LinuxContainer等对象,这些对象主要是对container的运行环境进行了抽象的封装。

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// LinuxFactory implements the default factory interface for linux based systems.
type LinuxFactory struct {
// Root directory for the factory to store state.
Root string

// InitPath is the absolute path to the init binary.
InitPath string

// InitArgs are arguments for calling the init responsibilities for spawning
// a container.
InitArgs []string

// CriuPath is the path to the criu binary used for checkpoint and restore of
// containers.
CriuPath string

// Validator provides validation to container configurations.
Validator validate.Validator

// NewCgroupsManager returns an initialized cgroups manager for a single container.
NewCgroupsManager func(config *configs.Cgroup, paths map[string]string) cgroups.Manager
}
// Process specifies the configuration and IO for a process inside a container.
type Process struct {
// The command to be run followed by any arguments.
Args []string

// Env specifies the environment variables for the process.
Env []string

// User will set the uid and gid of the executing process running inside the container
// local to the container's user and group configuration.
User string

// Cwd will change the processes current working directory inside the container's rootfs.
Cwd string

// Stdin is a pointer to a reader which provides the standard input stream.
Stdin io.Reader

// Stdout is a pointer to a writer which receives the standard output stream.
Stdout io.Writer

// Stderr is a pointer to a writer which receives the standard error stream.
Stderr io.Writer

// ExtraFiles specifies additional open files to be inherited by the container
ExtraFiles []*os.File

// consolePath is the path to the console allocated to the container.
consolePath string

// Capabilities specify the capabilities to keep when executing the process inside the container
// All capabilities not specified will be dropped from the processes capability mask
Capabilities []string

ops processOperations
}
type linuxContainer struct {
id string
root string
config *configs.Config
cgroupManager cgroups.Manager
initPath string
initArgs []string
initProcess parentProcess
criuPath string
m sync.Mutex
criuVersion int
state containerState
}

3 在loadFactory()中使用了InitArgs(os.Args[0],”init”)(l)来初始化container的执行入口。而l.InitPath = “/proc/self/exe”,即选择了自身的二进制作为进程创建的入口。

4 newParentProcess()创建了一个PIPE作为runc start进程与container内部init进程通信管道。同时创建一个commandTemplate作为ParentProcess运行的模板,commandTemplate使用的是GO package中的os/exec库,见https://golang.org/pkg/os/exec/,主要的结构为Cmd,封装了运行一个新的执行体所需要的各种环境。而namespace,filesystem及其它所需配置的运行环境信息都注册在了Cmd这个结构中。

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type Cmd struct {
// Path is the path of the command to run.
Path string

// Args holds command line arguments, including the command as Args[0].
Args []string

// Env specifies the environment of the process.
Env []string

// Dir specifies the working directory of the command.
Dir string

Stdin io.Reader
Stdout io.Writer
Stderr io.Writer

ExtraFiles []*os.File

SysProcAttr *syscall.SysProcAttr

// Process is the underlying process, once started.
Process *os.Process

ProcessState *os.ProcessState
}

5 通过parent.start()调用cmd.start()创建了新的进程。而此时新的进程使用/proc/self/exec作为执行入口,参数为”init”.Go语言中的init函数比较特殊,其会在main函数调用之前调用,所以在新的进程中func init()会直接调用,而不会去执行main函数。

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func init() {
if len(os.Args) > 1 && os.Args[1] == "init" {
runtime.GOMAXPROCS(1)
runtime.LockOSThread()
factory, _ := libcontainer.New("")
if err := factory.StartInitialization(); err != nil {
fatal(err)
}
panic("--this line should have never been executed, congratulations--")
}
}

6 init()会从之前创建的pipe里读取父进程同步过来的配置进行初始化,初始化完成后会sync一个Ready的状态到父进程,父进程收到后同步一个此时子进程已经是在容器环境中了,最后container会调用system.Exec()执行用户在json文件中配置的binary。

7 linuxStandardInit.init()是container内部进行初始化的主要函数,根据runc start进程发来的config进行初始化

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setupNetwork
setupRoute
setupRlimits
setOomScoreAdj
setupRootfs
Sethostname
ApplyProfile
SetProcessLabel
remountReadonly
maskFile

这样一个完整的container初始化完成并创建成功。后续我们再看libcontainer是如何对各个子模块进行初始化和配置的。

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